Ankle Sprain: Symptoms, Diagnosis, and Treatment
An ankle sprain occurs when the ligaments that support the ankle are overstretched or torn, typically as a result of twisting, rolling, or an awkward landing on the foot. This injury is one of the most common musculoskeletal injuries, particularly in athletes and active individuals.
Symptoms: The severity of symptoms depends on the extent of the ligament damage, but common signs include:
- Pain, especially when bearing weight on the affected ankle
- Swelling and bruising around the joint
- Restricted range of motion and stiffness
- A popping sound or sensation at the time of injury (in severe cases)
Diagnosis: A thorough physical examination is essential for diagnosing an ankle sprain.
As a physician, I will assess the range of motion, joint stability, and areas of tenderness. In some cases, imaging studies such as X-rays or an MRI may be ordered to rule out fractures, ligament tears, or other associated injuries. A grading system is used to categorize the sprain into three levels:
- Grade 1: Mild ligament stretching without tearing
- Grade 2: Partial ligament tear
- Grade 3: Complete ligament rupture
Treatment: Treatment is aimed at reducing pain and inflammation while promoting healing. For mild to moderate sprains, I often recommend the RICE protocol:
- Rest: Avoid putting weight on the injured ankle.
- Ice: Apply ice packs for 15–20 minutes every few hours during the first 48–72 hours to reduce swelling.
- Compression: Use an elastic bandage or brace to limit swelling and provide support.
- Elevation: Keep the ankle elevated above the level of the heart to minimize swelling.
In cases of moderate to severe sprains, immobilization with a brace or walking boot may be necessary to protect the joint during healing. For severe grade 3 sprains, physical therapy is often recommended to restore strength, flexibility, and balance. Surgery is rarely required but may be considered for patients with recurrent ankle instability or ligament tears that fail to heal with conservative treatment.
Early diagnosis and proper management are critical to prevent chronic ankle instability, long-term pain, and recurrent injuries. A tailored rehabilitation plan can help ensure a full recovery and return to normal activities.
